Births and Maternity
For more information on the Utah Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) visit Utah PRAMS program website.
Improving the well-being of mothers, infants, and children is an important public health goal for
the United States. Their well-being determines the health of the next generation and can help
predict future public health challenges for families, communities, and the health care system. The
objectives of the Maternal, Infant, and Child Health topic area address a wide range of conditions,
health behaviors, and health systems indicators that affect the health, wellness, and quality of
life of women, children, and families.
The risk of maternal and infant mortality and pregnancy-related complications can be reduced by increasing access to quality preconception (before pregnancy) and interconception (between pregnancies) care.2 Moreover, healthy birth outcomes and early identification and treatment of health conditions among infants can prevent death or disability and enable children to reach their full potential.3,4,5
6,7,8 These differences are likely the result of many factors.
Social Determinants of Maternal Health
These include pre-pregnancy health behaviors and health status,9 which are influenced by a variety of environmental and social factors such as access to health care and chronic stress.10
Physical Determinants of Maternal Health
Common barriers to a healthy pregnancy and birth include lack of access to appropriate health care before and during pregnancy. In addition, environmental factors can shape a woman's overall health status before, during, and after pregnancy by:
Social Determinants of Infant and Child Health
The social determinants that influence maternal health also affect pregnancy outcomes and infant health. Racial and ethnic disparities in infant mortality exist, particularly for African American infants.11 Child health status varies by both race and ethnicity, as well as by family income12 and related factors, including educational attainment among household members and health insurance coverage.13
Physical Determinants of Infant and Child Health
The cognitive and physical development of infants and children is influenced by the health, nutrition, and behaviors of their mothers during pregnancy and early childhood. Breast milk is widely acknowledged to be the most complete form of nutrition for most infants, with a range of benefits for their health, growth, immunity, and development.14,15 Furthermore, children reared in safe and nurturing families and neighborhoods, free from maltreatment and other social adversities, are more likely to have better outcomes as adults.16,17
Emerging Issues in Maternal, Infant, and Child Health
Recent efforts to address persistent disparities in maternal, infant, and child health have employed a "life course" perspective to health promotion and disease prevention. At the start of the decade, fewer than half of all pregnancies are planned. Unintended pregnancy is associated with a host of public health concerns. In response, preconception health initiatives have been aimed at improving the health of a woman before she becomes pregnant through a variety of evidence-based interventions.18
The life course perspective also supports the examination of quality of life, including the challenges of male and female fertility. An estimated 7.3 million American women ages 15 to 44 have received infertility services (including counseling and diagnosis) in their lifetime.19 Infertility is an area where health disparities are large, particularly among African American women,20 and may only continue to increase as childbearing practices change over time.
Why it's important
Pregnancy can provide an opportunity to identify existing health risks in women and to prevent future health problems for women and their children. These health risks may include:- Hypertension and heart disease
- Diabetes
- Depression
- Genetic conditions
- Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
- Tobacco use and alcohol abuse
- Inadequate nutrition
- Unhealthy weight
The risk of maternal and infant mortality and pregnancy-related complications can be reduced by increasing access to quality preconception (before pregnancy) and interconception (between pregnancies) care.2 Moreover, healthy birth outcomes and early identification and treatment of health conditions among infants can prevent death or disability and enable children to reach their full potential.3,4,5
Who is at risk
Infant and child health are similarly influenced by sociodemographic factors, such as family income, but are also linked to the physical and mental health of parents and caregivers. There are racial and ethnic disparities in mortality and morbidity for mothers and children, particularly for African Americans. Many factors can affect pregnancy and childbirth, including:- Preconception health status
- Age
- Access to appropriate preconception and interconception health care
- Poverty
6,7,8 These differences are likely the result of many factors.
Social Determinants of Maternal Health
These include pre-pregnancy health behaviors and health status,9 which are influenced by a variety of environmental and social factors such as access to health care and chronic stress.10
Physical Determinants of Maternal Health
Common barriers to a healthy pregnancy and birth include lack of access to appropriate health care before and during pregnancy. In addition, environmental factors can shape a woman's overall health status before, during, and after pregnancy by:
- Affecting her health directly.
- Affecting her ability to engage in healthy behaviors
Social Determinants of Infant and Child Health
The social determinants that influence maternal health also affect pregnancy outcomes and infant health. Racial and ethnic disparities in infant mortality exist, particularly for African American infants.11 Child health status varies by both race and ethnicity, as well as by family income12 and related factors, including educational attainment among household members and health insurance coverage.13
Physical Determinants of Infant and Child Health
The cognitive and physical development of infants and children is influenced by the health, nutrition, and behaviors of their mothers during pregnancy and early childhood. Breast milk is widely acknowledged to be the most complete form of nutrition for most infants, with a range of benefits for their health, growth, immunity, and development.14,15 Furthermore, children reared in safe and nurturing families and neighborhoods, free from maltreatment and other social adversities, are more likely to have better outcomes as adults.16,17
Emerging Issues in Maternal, Infant, and Child Health
Recent efforts to address persistent disparities in maternal, infant, and child health have employed a "life course" perspective to health promotion and disease prevention. At the start of the decade, fewer than half of all pregnancies are planned. Unintended pregnancy is associated with a host of public health concerns. In response, preconception health initiatives have been aimed at improving the health of a woman before she becomes pregnant through a variety of evidence-based interventions.18
The life course perspective also supports the examination of quality of life, including the challenges of male and female fertility. An estimated 7.3 million American women ages 15 to 44 have received infertility services (including counseling and diagnosis) in their lifetime.19 Infertility is an area where health disparities are large, particularly among African American women,20 and may only continue to increase as childbearing practices change over time.
How It's Tracked
Maternal and Child Health is tracked at the national and state levels primarily through:- Pregnancy Risk Assessment and Monitoring System (PRAMS)
- Birth certificates
- Death certificates
1. Healthy People 2020 Topics and Objectives, Maternal, Infant, and Child Health, accessed on 8/11/2014 from .
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Agency for Toxic
Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Recommendations to improve preconception health and
health care-United States: A report of the CDC/ATSDR Preconception Care Work Group and the
Select Panel on Preconception Care. Atlanta: CDC; 2006. 23 p. (MMWR Recomm Rep. 2006;55[RR-06])
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Newborn screening for cystic fibrosis: evaluation of benefits and risks and recommendations for state newborn screening programs. Atlanta: CDC; 2004. 37 p. (MMWR Recommen Reps. 2004;53[RR-13]).
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Identifying infants with hearing loss-United States, 1999-2007. Atlanta: CDC; 2010. (MMWR. 2010;59[8]:220-3).
5. Watson MS, Mann MY, Lloyd-Puryear MA, et al.; American College of Medical Genetics, Newborn Screening Expert Group. Newborn screening: Toward a uniform screening panel and system [executive summary]. Pediatrics. 2006;117(5 Pt. 2):S296-307.
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Newborn screening for cystic fibrosis: evaluation of benefits and risks and recommendations for state newborn screening programs. Atlanta: CDC; 2004. 37 p. (MMWR Recommen Reps. 2004;53[RR-13]).
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Identifying infants with hearing loss-United States, 1999-2007. Atlanta: CDC; 2010. (MMWR. 2010;59[8]:220-3).
5. Watson MS, Mann MY, Lloyd-Puryear MA, et al.; American College of Medical Genetics, Newborn Screening Expert Group. Newborn screening: Toward a uniform screening panel and system [executive summary]. Pediatrics. 2006;117(5 Pt. 2):S296-307.
6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Newborn screening for
cystic fibrosis: evaluation of benefits and risks and recommendations for state newborn
screening programs. Atlanta: CDC; 2004. 37 p. (MMWR Recommen Reps. 2004;53[RR-13]).
7. Tucker MJ, Berg CJ, Callaghan WM, et al. The black-white disparity in pregnancy-related mortality from 5 conditions: Differences in prevalence and case-fatality rates. Am J Public Health. 2007 February 1;97(2):247-51.
8. Williams DR, Collins C. US Socioeconomic and racial differences in health: Patterns and explanations. Ann Rev Soc. 1995;21:349-86.
9. Bryant AS, Worjoloh A, Caughey AB, et al. Racial/ethnic disparities in obstetric outcomes and care: Prevalence and determinants. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Apr;202(4):335-43.
10. Williams DR, Collins C. US Socioeconomic and racial differences in health: Patterns and explanations. Ann Rev Soc. 1995;21:349-86
11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vital Statistics; Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Sutton PD, et al. Births: Final data for 2006. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2009 January 7. Report No. 57(7).
12. Larson K, Halfon N. Family income gradients in the health and health care access of US children [Internet]. Matern Child Health J. 2010 Jun 5;14(3):332-42.
13. Larson K, Russ SA, Crall JJ, et al. Influence of multiple social risks on children's health. Pediatrics. 2008 Feb 1;121(2):337-44.
14. US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Office on Women's Health. HHS blueprint for action on breastfeeding. Washington: HHS; 2000.
15. Ip S, Chung M, Raman G, et al. Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ); 2007 Apr. (Report/Technology Assessment, No. 153. AHRQ Publication No. 07-E007).
16. National Research Council and Institute of Medicine; Board on Children, Youth, and Families,Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. From neurons to neighborhoods: The science of early childhood development. Shonkoff J, Philips D, editors. Washington: National Academy Press; 2000. 612 p.
17. Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Walker J, et al. The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood: A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2006 Apr;256(3):174-86.
18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Recommendations to improve preconception health and health care-United States: A report of the CDC/ATSDR Preconception Care Work Group and the Select Panel on Preconception Care. MMWR 2006;55(RR-6).
19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics; Chandra A, Martinez GM, Mosher WD, et al. Fertility, family planning, and reproductive health of US women: Data from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth. Vital Health Stat. 2005;23(25):1-160.
20. Wellons MF, Lewis CE, Schwartz SM, et al. Racial differences in self-reported infertility and risk factors for infertility in a cohort of black and white women: The CARDIA Women's Study. Fertil Steril. 2008 Nov;90(5):1640-8.
7. Tucker MJ, Berg CJ, Callaghan WM, et al. The black-white disparity in pregnancy-related mortality from 5 conditions: Differences in prevalence and case-fatality rates. Am J Public Health. 2007 February 1;97(2):247-51.
8. Williams DR, Collins C. US Socioeconomic and racial differences in health: Patterns and explanations. Ann Rev Soc. 1995;21:349-86.
9. Bryant AS, Worjoloh A, Caughey AB, et al. Racial/ethnic disparities in obstetric outcomes and care: Prevalence and determinants. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Apr;202(4):335-43.
10. Williams DR, Collins C. US Socioeconomic and racial differences in health: Patterns and explanations. Ann Rev Soc. 1995;21:349-86
11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vital Statistics; Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Sutton PD, et al. Births: Final data for 2006. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2009 January 7. Report No. 57(7).
12. Larson K, Halfon N. Family income gradients in the health and health care access of US children [Internet]. Matern Child Health J. 2010 Jun 5;14(3):332-42.
13. Larson K, Russ SA, Crall JJ, et al. Influence of multiple social risks on children's health. Pediatrics. 2008 Feb 1;121(2):337-44.
14. US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Office on Women's Health. HHS blueprint for action on breastfeeding. Washington: HHS; 2000.
15. Ip S, Chung M, Raman G, et al. Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ); 2007 Apr. (Report/Technology Assessment, No. 153. AHRQ Publication No. 07-E007).
16. National Research Council and Institute of Medicine; Board on Children, Youth, and Families,Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. From neurons to neighborhoods: The science of early childhood development. Shonkoff J, Philips D, editors. Washington: National Academy Press; 2000. 612 p.
17. Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Walker J, et al. The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood: A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2006 Apr;256(3):174-86.
18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Recommendations to improve preconception health and health care-United States: A report of the CDC/ATSDR Preconception Care Work Group and the Select Panel on Preconception Care. MMWR 2006;55(RR-6).
19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics; Chandra A, Martinez GM, Mosher WD, et al. Fertility, family planning, and reproductive health of US women: Data from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth. Vital Health Stat. 2005;23(25):1-160.
20. Wellons MF, Lewis CE, Schwartz SM, et al. Racial differences in self-reported infertility and risk factors for infertility in a cohort of black and white women: The CARDIA Women's Study. Fertil Steril. 2008 Nov;90(5):1640-8.
Birth Defects
Breastfeeding
Mortality
Pregnancy/Maternal Measures
- Adolescent births
- Birth rates
- Births from unintended pregnancies
- Diabetes: Gestational diabetes
- Domestic violence during pregnancy
- Fertility rate
- Obesity during pregnancy
- Postpartum depression
- Preconception health and healthcare
- Prenatal care
- Smoking during 3rd trimester of pregnancy
Birth outcomes
Newborn ccreening
Count of births
- Count of births (state, county, and local health districts [LHDs])
- Count of births (state, county, and LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Count of births (Utah Small Areas)
- Count of births (Utah Small Areas by mother's race and Medicaid status)
Birth rate (number of live births per 1,000 persons in the population)
Fertility Rate (live births per 1,000 female population)
- Fertility Rate (state, county, and local health districts [LHDs])
- Fertility Rate Trend Analysis (state, county, and LHDs)
- Fertility Rate (Utah Small Areas)
- Fertility Rate Trend Analysis (Utah Small Areas)
General Fertility Rate (live births per 1,000 females of childbearing age [15-44 years])
- General Fertility Rate (state, county, and LHDs)
- General Fertility Rate Trend Analysis (state, county, and LHDs)
- General Fertility Rate (Utah Small Areas)
- General Fertility Rate Trend Analysis (Utah Small Areas)
Total Fertility Rate (sum of the age-specific birth rates of women in five-year age groups multiplied by five)
Girls Age 10-14
- Adolescent Births, Girls Age 10-14 (state, county, and local health districts [LHDs])
- Adolescent Births Trend Analysis, Girls Age 10-14 (state, county, and LHDs)
- Adolescent Births, Girls Age 10-14 (state, county, and LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Adolescent Births Trend Analysis, Girls Age 10-14 (state, county, and LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Adolescent Births, Girls Age 10-14 (Utah Small Areas)
- Adolescent Births Trend Analysis, Girls Age 10-14 (Utah Small Areas)
Girls Age 15-17
- Adolescent Births, Girls Age 15-17 (state, county, and LHDs)
- Adolescent Births Trend Analysis, Girls Age 15-17 (state, county, and LHDs)
- Adolescent Births, Girls Age 15-17 (Utah Small Areas)
- Adolescent Births Trend Analysis, Girls Age 15-17 (Utah Small Areas)
Girls Age 18-19
- Adolescent Births, Girls Age 18-19 (state, county, and LHDs)
- Adolescent Births Trend Analysis, Girls Age 18-19 (state, county, and LHDs)
- Adolescent Births, Girls Age 18-19 (Utah Small Areas)
- Adolescent Births Trend Analysis, Girls Age 18-19 (Utah Small Areas)
Girls Age 15-19
- Adolescent Births, Girls Age 15-19 (state, county, and LHDs)
- Adolescent Births Trend Analysis, Girls Age 15-19 (state, county, and LHDs)
- Adolescent Births, Girls Age 15-19 (state, county, and LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Adolescent Births Trend Analysis, Girls Age 15-19 (state, county, and LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Adolescent Births, Girls Age 15-19 (Utah Small Areas)
- Adolescent Births Trend Analysis, Girls Age 15-19 (Utah Small Areas)
Average Number of Prenatal Visits
- Average Number of Prenatal Visits (state, county, and local health districts [LHDs])
- Average Number of Prenatal Visits (state, county, and LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Average Number of Prenatal Visits (Utah Small Areas)
- Average Number of Prenatal Visits (Utah Small Areas by mother's race and Medicaid status)
2009 and Later (new birth certificate)
Prenatal Care in First Trimester
- Prenatal Care in First Trimester (state, county, and LHDs)
- Prenatal Care in First Trimester Trend Analysis (state, county, and LHDs)
- Prenatal Care in First Trimester (state, county, and LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Prenatal Care in First Trimester Trend Analysis (state, county, and LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Prenatal Care in First Trimester (Utah Small Areas)
- Prenatal Care in First Trimester Trend Analysis (Utah Small Areas)
- Prenatal Care in First Trimester (Utah Small Areas by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Prenatal Care in First Trimester Trend Analysis (Utah Small Areas by mother's race and Medicaid status)
Prenatal Care in Third Trimester
- Prenatal Care in Third Trimester (state, county, and LHDs)
- Prenatal Care in Third Trimester Trend Analysis (state, county, and LHDs)
- Prenatal Care in Third Trimester (state, county, and LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Prenatal Care in Third Trimester Trend Analysis (state, county, and LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Prenatal Care in Third Trimester (Utah Small Areas)
- Prenatal Care in Third Trimester Trend Analysis (Utah Small Areas)
- Prenatal Care in Third Trimester (Utah Small Areas by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Prenatal Care in Third Trimester Trend Analysis (Utah Small Areas by mother's race and Medicaid status)
No Prenatal Care
- No Prenatal Care (state, county, and LHDs)
- No Prenatal Care Trend Analysis (state, county, and LHDs)
- No Prenatal Care (state, county, and LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- No Prenatal Care Trend Analysis (state, county, and LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- No Prenatal Care (Utah Small Areas)
- No Prenatal Care Trend Analysis (Utah Small Areas)
- No Prenatal Care (Utah Small Areas by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- No Prenatal Care Trend Analysis (Utah Small Areas by mother's race and Medicaid status)
Kotelchuk Prenatal Care = Adequate
More
information on the Kotelchuck Index
- Kotelchuk Prenatal Care = Adequate (state, county, and LHDs)
- Kotelchuk Prenatal Care = Adequate Trend Analysis (state, county, and LHDs)
- Kotelchuk Prenatal Care = Adequate (state, county, and LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Kotelchuk Prenatal Care = Adequate Trend Analysis (state, county, and LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Kotelchuk Prenatal Care = Adequate (Utah Small Areas)
- Kotelchuk Prenatal Care = Adequate Trend Analysis (Utah Small Areas)
- Kotelchuk Prenatal Care = Adequate (Utah Small Areas by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Kotelchuk Prenatal Care = Adequate Trend Analysis (Utah Small Areas by mother's race and Medicaid status)
Kotelchuk Prenatal Care = Adequate Plus
More
information on the Kotelchuck Index
- Kotelchuk Prenatal Care = Adequate Plus (state, county, and LHDs)
- Kotelchuk Prenatal Care = Adequate Plus Trend Analysis (state, county, and LHDs)
- Kotelchuk Prenatal Care = Adequate Plus (state, county, and LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Kotelchuk Prenatal Care = Adequate Plus Trend Analysis (state, county, and LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Kotelchuk Prenatal Care = Adequate Plus (Utah Small Areas)
- Kotelchuk Prenatal Care = Adequate Plus Trend Analysis (Utah Small Areas)
- Kotelchuk Prenatal Care = Adequate Plus (Utah Small Areas by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Kotelchuk Prenatal Care = Adequate Plus Trend Analysis (Utah Small Areas by mother's race and Medicaid status)
2008 and Before (old birth certificate)
Prenatal Care in First Trimester
- Prenatal Care in First Trimester (state, county, and LHDs)
- Prenatal Care in First Trimester (state, county, and LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Prenatal Care in First Trimester (Utah Small Areas)
- Prenatal Care in First Trimester (Utah Small Areas by mother's race and Medicaid status)
Prenatal Care in Third Trimester
- Prenatal Care in Third Trimester (state, county, and LHDs)
- Prenatal Care in Third Trimester (state, county, and LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Prenatal Care in Third Trimester (Utah Small Areas)
- Prenatal Care in Third Trimester (Utah Small Areas by mother's race and Medicaid status)
No Prenatal Care
- No Prenatal Care (state, county, and LHDs)
- No Prenatal Care (state, county, and LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- No Prenatal Care (Utah Small Areas)
- No Prenatal Care (Utah Small Areas by mother's race and Medicaid status)
Kotelchuk Prenatal Care = Adequate
More
information on the Kotelchuck Index
- Kotelchuk Prenatal Care = Adequate (state, county, and LHDs)
- Kotelchuk Prenatal Care = Adequate (state, county, and LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Kotelchuk Prenatal Care = Adequate (Utah Small Areas)
- Kotelchuk Prenatal Care = Adequate (Utah Small Areas by mother's race and Medicaid status)
Kotelchuk Prenatal Care = Adequate Plus
More
information on the Kotelchuck Index
- Kotelchuk Prenatal Care = Adequate Plus (state, county, and LHDs)
- Kotelchuk Prenatal Care = Adequate Plus (state, county, and LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Kotelchuk Prenatal Care = Adequate Plus (Utah Small Areas)
- Kotelchuk Prenatal Care = Adequate Plus (Utah Small Areas by mother's race and Medicaid status)
Normal Birth Weight
Normal Birth Weight: Live-born infants whose birth weight was equal to or greater than 2500 grams (about 5.5 lbs.)- Normal Birth Weight (state, county, and local health districts [LHDs])
- Normal Birth Weight Trend Analysis (state, county, and LHDs)
- Normal Birth Weight (state, county, and LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Normal Birth Weight Trend Analysis (state, county, and LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Normal Birth Weight (Utah Small Areas)
- Normal Birth Weight Trend Analysis (Utah Small Areas)
- Normal Birth Weight (Utah Small Areas by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Normal Birth Weight Trend Analysis (Utah Small Areas by mother's race and Medicaid status)
Low Birth Weight (<2500 grams)
Low Birth Weight: Live-born infants whose birth weight was less than 2500 grams (about 5.5 lbs.)- Low Birth Weight (state, county, and LHDs)
- Low Birth Weight Trend Analysis (state, county, and LHDs)
- Low Birth Weight (state, county, and LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Low Birth Weight Trend Analysis (state, county, and LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Low Birth Weight (Utah Small Areas)
- Low Birth Weight Trend Analysis (Utah Small Areas)
- Low Birth Weight (Utah Small Areas by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Low Birth Weight Trend Analysis (Utah Small Areas by mother's race and Medicaid status)
Very Low Birth Weight (<1500 grams)
Very Low Birth Weight: Live-born infants whose birth weight was less than 1500 grams (about 3.3 lbs.)- Very Low Birth Weight (state, county, and LHDs)
- Very Low Birth Weight Trend Analysis (state, county, and LHDs)
- Very Low Birth Weight (state, county, and LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Very Low Birth Weight Trend Analysis (state, county, and LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Very Low Birth Weight (Utah Small Areas)
- Very Low Birth Weight Trend Analysis (Utah Small Areas)
- Very Low Birth Weight (Utah Small Areas by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Very Low Birth Weight Trend Analysis (Utah Small Areas by mother's race and Medicaid status)
Extremely Low Birth Weight (<1000 grams)
Extremely Low Birth Weight: Live-born infants whose birth weight was less than 1000 grams (about 2.2 lbs.)- Extremely Low Birth Weight (<1000 grams) (state, county, and LHDs)
- Extremely Low Birth Weight (<1000 grams) Trend Analysis (state, county, and LHDs)
- Extremely Low Birth Weight (<1000 grams) (state, county, and LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Extremely Low Birth Weight (<1000 grams) Trend Analysis (state, county, and LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Extremely Low Birth Weight (<1000 grams) (Utah Small Areas)
- Extremely Low Birth Weight (<1000 grams) Trend Analysis (Utah Small Areas)
- Extremely Low Birth Weight (<1000 grams) (Utah Small Areas by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Extremely Low Birth Weight (<1000 grams) Trend Analysis (Utah Small Areas by mother's race and Medicaid status)
Extremely Low Birth Weight (<500 grams)
Extremely Low Birth Weight: Live-born infants whose birth weight was less than 1000 grams (about 2.2 lbs.)- Extremely Low Birth Weight (<500 grams) (state, county, and LHDs)
- Extremely Low Birth Weight (<500 grams) Trend Analysis (state, county, and LHDs)
- Extremely Low Birth Weight (<500 grams) (state, county, and LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Extremely Low Birth Weight (<500 grams) Trend Analysis (state, county, and LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Extremely Low Birth Weight (<500 grams) (Utah Small Areas)
- Extremely Low Birth Weight (<500 grams) Trend Analysis (Utah Small Areas)
- Extremely Low Birth Weight (<500 grams) (Utah Small Areas by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Extremely Low Birth Weight (<500 grams) Trend Analysis (Utah Small Areas by mother's race and Medicaid status)
Average Birth Weight
All Pre-term Births
- All Pre-term Births (state, county, and local health districts [LHDs])
- All Pre-term Births Trend Analysis (state, county, and LHDs)
- All Pre-term Births (state, county, LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- All Pre-term Births Trend Analysis (state, county, LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- All Pre-term Births (Utah Small Areas)
- All Pre-term Births Trend Analysis (Utah Small Areas)
- All Pre-term Births (Utah Small Areas by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- All Pre-term Births Trend Analysis (Utah Small Areas by mother's race and Medicaid status)
Very Pre-term Births (<32 weeks)
- Very Pre-term Births (state, county, and LHDs)
- Very Pre-term Births Trend Analysis (state, county, and LHDs)
- Very Pre-term Births (state, county, and LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Very Pre-term Births Trend Analysis (state, county, and LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Very Pre-term Births (Utah Small Areas)
- Very Pre-term Births Trend Analysis (Utah Small Areas)
- Very Pre-term Births (Utah Small Areas by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Very Pre-term Births Trend Analysis (Utah Small Areas by mother's race and Medicaid status)
Moderately Pre-term Births (32-33 weeks)
- Moderately Pre-term Births (state, county, and LHDs)
- Moderately Pre-term Births Trend Analysis (state, county, and LHDs)
- Moderately Pre-term Births (state, county, and LHDs and mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Moderately Pre-term Births Trend Analysis (state, county, and LHDs and mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Moderately Pre-term Births (Utah Small Areas)
- Moderately Pre-term Births Trend Analysis (Utah Small Areas)
- Moderately Pre-term Births (Utah Small Areas by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Moderately Pre-term Births Trend Analysis (Utah Small Areas by mother's race and Medicaid status)
Late Pre-term Births (34-36 weeks)
- Late Pre-term Births (state, county, and LHDs)
- Late Pre-term Births Trend Analysis (state, county, and LHDs)
- Late Pre-term Births (state, county, and LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Late Pre-term Births Trend Analysis (state, county, and LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Late Pre-term Births (Utah Small Areas)
- Late Pre-term Births Trend Analysis (Utah Small Areas)
- Late Pre-term Births (Utah Small Areas by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Late Pre-term Births Trend Analysis (Utah Small Areas by mother's race and Medicaid status)
Average Gestational Age
Gestational Age is the period of time a baby is carried in the uterus or the duration of the pregnancy, measured from the first day of the last menstrual period. Full-term gestation is between 37 and 42 weeks. Infant
Mortality and Fetal Mortality Causes
Infant Mortality - Death Data Only
Infant Mortality (Death Data Only): The number of infant deaths during the year per 1,000 live births during the same year.- Infant Mortality Rate (state, county, and local health districts [LHDs])
- Infant Mortality Rate by Major Causes (state, county, and LHDs)
- Infant Mortality Rate (Utah Small Areas)
- Infant Mortality Rate by Major Causes (Utah Small Areas)
Birth-Death Linked Infant Mortality - Birth Cohort
Birth-Death Linked Infant Mortality (Birth Cohort): The number of infant deaths among infants born in a given calendar year. The individual infant death records are linked to the birth records, so that characteristics of the infant and mother may be analyzed.- Birth Cohort Infant Mortality Rate (state, county, and LHDs)
- Birth Cohort Infant Mortality Rate by Major Causes (state, county, and LHDs)
- Birth Cohort Infant Mortality Rate (state, county, and LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Birth Cohort Infant Mortality Rate by Major Causes (state, county, and LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Birth Cohort Infant Mortality Rate (Utah Small Areas)
- Birth Cohort Infant Mortality Rate by Major Causes (Utah Small Areas)
- Birth Cohort Infant Mortality Rate (Utah Small Areas by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Birth Cohort Infant Mortality Rate by Major Causes (Utah Small Areas by mother's race and Medicaid status)
Birth-Death Linked Infant Mortality - Death Cohort, or Period File
Birth-Death Linked Infant Mortality (Death Cohort, or Period File): The number of infant deaths during the year per 1,000 live births during the same year. The individual infant death records are linked to the birth records, so that characteristics of the infant and mother may be analyzed.- Death Cohort Infant Mortality Rate (state, county, and LHDs)
- Death Cohort Infant Mortality Rate by Major Causes (state, county, and LHDs)
- Death Cohort Infant Mortality Rate (state, county, and LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Death Cohort Infant Mortality Rate by Major Causes (state, county, and LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Death Cohort Infant Mortality Rate (Utah Small Areas)
- Death Cohort Infant Mortality Rate by Major Causes (Utah Small Areas)
- Death Cohort Infant Mortality Rate (Utah Small Areas by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Death Cohort Infant Mortality Rate by Major Causes (Utah Small Areas by mother's race and Medicaid status)
Neonatal Mortality - Death Data Only
- Neonatal Mortality Rate (state, county, and local health districts [LHDs])
- Neonatal Mortality Rate (Utah Small Areas)
Birth-Death Linked Neonatal Mortality - Birth Cohort
- Birth Cohort Neonatal Mortality Rate (state, county, and LHDs)
- Birth Cohort Neonatal Mortality Rate (state, county, and LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Birth Cohort Neonatal Mortality Rate (Utah Small Areas)
- Birth Cohort Neonatal Mortality Rate (Utah Small Areas by mother's race and Medicaid status)
Birth-Death Linked Neonatal Mortality - Death Cohort, or Period File
- Death Cohort Neonatal Mortality Rate (state, county, and LHDs)
- Death Cohort Neonatal Mortality Rate (state, county, and LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Death Cohort Neonatal Mortality Rate (Utah Small Areas)
- Death Cohort Neonatal Mortality Rate (Utah Small Areas by mother's race and Medicaid status)
Postneonatal Mortality - Death Data Only
- Postneonatal Mortality Rate (state, county, and local health districts [LHDs])
- Postneonatal Mortality Rate (Utah Small Areas)
Birth-Death Linked Postneonatal Mortality - Birth Cohort
- Birth Cohort Postneonatal Mortality Rate (state, county, and LHDs)
- Birth Cohort Postneonatal Mortality Rate (state, county, and LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Birth Cohort Postneonatal Mortality Rate (Utah Small Areas)
- Birth Cohort Postneonatal Mortality Rate (Utah Small Areas by mother's race and Medicaid status)
Birth-Death Linked Postneonatal Mortality - Death Cohort, or Period File
- Death Cohort Postneonatal Mortality Rate (state, county, and LHDs)
- Death Cohort Postneonatal Mortality Rate (state, county, and LHDs by mother's race and Medicaid status)
- Death Cohort Postneonatal Mortality Rate (Utah Small Areas)
- Death Cohort Postneonatal Mortality Rate (Utah Small Areas by mother's race and Medicaid status)
Selecting the statewide query allows for the viewing of multiple
demographic characteristics (maternal age, infant sex, and race and ethnicity) at the same
time. Selecting the query by county and local health district allows for the viewing of only
one demographic characteristic (maternal age, infant sex, and race and ethnicity) at a time.
- Preconception Visit (2012 and later)
- Healthcare Visit with Family Doctor or OB-GYN
- Pregnancy Intention (2012 and later)
- Using Birth Control at Conception
- Infertility Treatment
- Taking Multivitamin
- Diet Before Pregnancy (2009 and later)
- Exercise Before Pregnancy (2009 and later)
- E-cigarette Use Before Pregnancy
- Smoked 3 Months Before Pregnancy
- Drank 3 Months Before Pregnancy
- Abuse Before Pregnancy (2009 and later)
- Anxiety Before Conception
- Asthma Before Conception (2009 and later)
- Anemia Before Conception (2009 and later)
- Depression Before Conception
- Diabetes Before Conception
- Heart Problems Before Conception (2009 and later)
- High Blood Pressure Before Conception
- HIV Testing Before Conception
- Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) Before Conception
- Thyroid Problems Before Conception (2009 and later)
- WIC During Pregnancy
- Weight Gain Counseling During Pregnancy (2009 and later)
- HIV Test During Pregnancy
- Smoked Last 3 Months of Pregnancy
- E-cigarette Use During Pregnancy
- Drank Last 3 Months of Pregnancy
- Abuse During Pregnancy (2009 and later)
- Partner-associated Stress During Pregnancy
- Financial Stress During Pregnancy
- Emotional Stress During Pregnancy
- Trauma-related Stress During Pregnancy
- Labor Induction (2009 and later)
New Methodology (Landline and cell phone, 2009 and later)
Old Methodology (Landline only, 2010 and before)
- October 2022 Health Status Update: Sudden unexpected infant deaths in Utah, 2020
- Influenza vaccination coverage during pregnancy in Utah, PRAMS 2016-2020
- Reduced incidence of congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections during the COVID-19 pandemic
- Newborn hearing screening in underserved populations
- Prenatal Care Experiences During the COVID-19 Pandemic
- COVID-19 Pandemic-related Stressful Events Experienced During Pregnancy
- Breastfeeding Information Sources
- September 2020 Health Status Update: Infant Mortality in Utah by Age at Death, 2015-2017
- August 2020 Health Status Update: Tobacco Smoking Around the Time of Pregnancy, Utah PRAMS 2016-2018
- Women of Childbearing Age Injuries and Deaths, Utah, 2014-2016
- January 2016 Utah Health Status Update: Maternal and Child Health State Priorities, 2016-2020
- August 2015 Utah Health Status Update: Health Status by Race and Ethnicity: 15 Years of Surveillance
Vital Statistics
- Utah Vital Statistics - Births and Deaths 2017
- Utah Vital Statistics: Abortions 2017
- Utah Vital Statistics - Births and Deaths 2016
- Utah Vital Statistics: Abortions 2016
- 2017 Annual Report on the Effectiveness of the Utah Mutual Consent, Voluntary Adoption Registry
- Utah Vital Statistics - Births and Deaths: Utah, 2015
- Utah Vital Statistics: Abortions 2015
- Utah Vital Statistics - Births and Deaths: Utah, 2014
- October 2015 Breaking News: Utah Adoption Registry
- Utah Vital Statistics: Abortions, 2014
Pregnancy-related
- March 2020 Spotlight: Maternal Mental Health Screening through WIC Services
- October 2019 Spotlight: Out-of-hospital Births
- Utah PRAMS Surveillance Report 2016-2017
- July 2019 Utah Health Status Update: New Topics for PRAMS Surveillance
- January 2019 Breaking News: E-cigarette Use Among Pregnant Women
- November 2018 Breaking News: Reducing Preterm Birth
- October 2018 Breaking News: Reasons for Not Having Health Insurance Before Pregnancy
- September 2018 Community Health Spotlight: Oral Health Care and Pregnancy
- Perinatal Mortality Review Update: Maternal Mortality in Utah 2015-2016
- Maternal Mental Health in Utah
- January 2018 Community Health Spotlight: Maternal Anxiety and Depression
- May 2017 Breaking News: Maternal Mortality in Utah
- Special Edition Community Health Spotlight: Pregnancy Intention - Survey Response Options
- Unintended Pregnancy - from Utah State Health Assessment 2016 Report
- May 2016 Community Health Spotlight: Domestic Violence During Pregnancy
- April 2016 Community Health Spotlight: Neighborhood Safety During Pregnancy
- March 2016 Community Health Spotlight: Effects of Perceived Racism during Pregnancy in Utah
- February 2016 Community Health Spotlight: Food Insecurity and Pregnancy Outcomes in Utah
Health Systems/Initiatives
- January 2020 Health Status Update: Early Hearing Detection and Intervention (EHDI) Ten Years of Data: 2007-2016
- November 2019 Spotlight: Utah Levels of Neonatal and Maternal Care
- Special Edition Spotlight: Critical Congenital Heart Disease (CCHD) Screening in Utah
- Special Edition Spotlight: Testing Infants Who Do Not Pass Newborn Hearing Screening(s) for a Congenital Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection
- October 2018 Breaking News: Reasons for Not Having Health Insurance Before Pregnancy
- April 2018 Breaking News: Developmental Screening Practices in Utah
- July 2017 Breaking News: Critical Congenital Heart Defect (CCHD) Newborn Screening in Utah
- PRAMS Perspectives: Breastfeeding Friendly Practices in Utah Hospitals
- March 2017 Community Health Spotlight: Program Outputs from "It Takes a Village"
- September 2016 Community Health Spotlight: Safe Haven
- April 2016 Utah Health Status Update: Breastfeeding Friendly Hospitals
- July 2015 Breaking News: Improvement in Collection Time for Newborn Screening Kits
- July 2015 Community Health Spotlight: Perinatal Quality Collaborative: Utah Women and Newborn Quality Collaborative (UWNQC)
- May 2015 Breaking News: Critical Congenital Heart Defect (CCHD) Screening Project
- May 2015 Community Health Spotlight: The Utah Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Education and Testing Initiative: A Pioneering Adventure in Public Health
Birth Outcomes
- March 2020 Spotlight: Children's Hearing Aid Program (CHAP)
- Neural Tube Defects in Utah, 1995-2015
- January 2019 Community Health Spotlight: Trend in Overall Cesarean Rate
- Special Edition Breaking News: Investigation of an Increased Incidence of Early Onset Group B Streptococcus Infections in Utah
- November 2018 Breaking News: Reducing Preterm Birth
- Perinatal Mortality Review Update: Maternal Mortality in Utah 2015-2016
- Planned Out-of-Hospital Births in Utah, 2013-2015: A Descriptive Review
- April 2018 Utah Health Status Update: It Takes a Village: Addressing Infant Mortality Disparities by Giving Utah Pacific Islander Babies the Best Chance
- Severe Maternal Morbidity, Utah 2013-2015
- December 2017 Breaking News: Chronic Diseases and Birth Outcomes
- July 2017 Utah Health Status Update: Trends and Characteristics of Home Births in Utah 2004-2013
- June 2017 Breaking News: Out of Hospital Birth Transfers
- March 2017 Utah Health Status Update: Zika Virus
- April 2016 Breaking News: Pacific Islander Birth Outcome Intervention Program
- October 2015 Community Health Spotlight: Strategies to Reduce Infant Mortality in Utah
- August 2015 Breaking News: Maternal Transfusion in Utah
- Planned Out-of-Hospital Births in Utah, 2010-2012